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A
lone chemist’s quest to expose the UFO cover-up
In the late 1950s,
chemist Leon Davidson worked at Los Alamos, the research facility
where the atomic scientists had endeavoured to control the force
of the atom. But atoms were not the main thing on this scientist’s
mind. Davidson was interested in UFOs and hunted down the then
top secret CIA Robertson Panel report. This led him to the conclusion
that the CIA were actively promoting UFOs as ETs, a conclusion
few have been able – or willing – to accept since.
Philip Coppens
Davidson
was born on October 18, 1922 in New York and received his doctorate
of chemical engineer from the University of Columbia in 1951.
As early as 1949, when he started work at Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory, Davidson was interested in UFOs. His interest, however,
was not that he wanted to have physical proof of UFOs as extra-terrestrial
devices. He suspected the truth was quite the opposite. Later,
Davidson would write: “It became clear [to me], early in
the 1950’s, that the CIA, specifically Allen Dulles, had
used legitimate ‘flying saucers’ events […]
as a tool in the Cold War. Dulles wanted Russia to waste effort
on defences against objects having the extreme capabilities implied
by the public saucer stories. […] Dulles also adopted a
concept from his old friend Carl Jung, and co-opted the myth that
benign aliens have visited Earth for millennia. He used magicians’
illusions, tricks, and showmanship to blend in sightings, landings,
and contacts, with the legitimate military test sightings. The
public perception grew (from comic book to TV show) that space
travel was a real possibility, easing Congressional appropriations
for the ‘moon race’ with Russia. Later, Dulles found
the saucer believers and their clubs an ideal propaganda vehicle.”
In short, Davidson believed there was a government conspiracy,
but it was not hiding “aliens on ice”, but falsely
promoting the belief that they were hiding “aliens on ice”.
Allen
Dulles
At
the time, a lot of emphasis was placed on UFO sightings that were
confirmed by radar – as late as 1989 and the Belgian UFO
wave, specific emphasis continues to be placed on this “technological
confirmation”. But Davidson pointed out that as early as
1945, mechanical countermeasures against radar had become publicly
known – and used. It was known that these could cause blips
on the radar screen, resulting in incorrect range, speed, or heading.
This was called Electronic Countermeasures and Davidson believed
this method of counterintelligence was used to present the myth
that “UFOs” existed. Davidson drew the infamous equation:
ECM+CIA=UFO, suggesting that the CIA were creating ECM signals
on radars, so that people would believe in the presence of UFOs,
as they confirmed eyewitness accounts of anomalous objects in
the sky. Furthermore, the anomalous blips were a perfect mechanism
to distort the true capabilities of any new aircraft that was
being test-flown – occasional sightings of which were passed
off as UFOs too.
Publicly,
Davidson identified two incidents that were instrumental in forming
this opinion. When he wanted to have access to the Grudge report
(one of the first official government reports on the subject)
and visited Lt. Smith on May 17, 1950, it turned out that instead
of forwarding more data to Los Alamos, the Air Force took back
the Los Alamos copy of the Grudge report. Davidson added: “The
Los Alamos Lab. officials also ceased then to support our saucer
research efforts.”
Later, Allen Hynek argued that in his opinion the green fireballs
of the Southwest, which were discussed in the Grudge Report, were
probably connected with US research activities. This opinion was
shared by Davidson, who commented: “Another interesting
item in the report was a copy of a RAND Corp. letter L-2563, March
29, 1949, asking for access to the Air Force files on the Maury
Island incident.” Later, in 1968, when New Orleans DA Jim
Garrison re-opened the Kennedy assassination case, Davidson informed
Garrison that Ray Palmer and Fred L Crisman were instrumental
characters in that Maury Island incident.
The
second series of events that persuaded Davidson was the “Washington
invasion” of 1952, in which several UFO sightings occurred
above the US capital. Davidson was working in Washington that
year and saw classified photographs of a certain Navy guided missile
which in itself disproved the Air Force denials that the US had
no devices that looked like UFO sightings reported by the public.
He also questioned several “incidents” that occurred
during the “invasion”: jet interceptors were removed
from Andrews Air Force (4 miles from Washington) to New Castle
Delaware (90 miles) in the time framework of the sightings, so
that no confirmation was possible. Did someone make use of this
window to stage a UFO wave? Furthermore, Ruppelt, chief investigator
of UFOs for the Air Force, was prevented from travelling around
Washington to speak to eyewitnesses – all cars suddenly
were required for other duties. He then proposed he would use
taxis to visit the eyewitnesses, but was told that he would not
be reimbursed for such expenses.
But the “best evidence” came when Ruppelt stated that
a CIA employee had predicted the Washington events a few days
before they happened. Davidson fully agreed with Keyhoe in his
book, Flying Saucers – Top Secret, that the events had all
the earmarks of a CIA “field evaluation” of a psychological
warfare gimmick.
1952
Washington UFOs
Such
evidence convinced Davidson that the US government was behind
the “flying saucer myth” – a position that he
shared with many of his peers, such as Keyhoe and Ruppelt, but
which in more recent years has been seriously downplayed when,
as Davidson would no doubt agree, the CIA campaign to accept UFOs
as ET had come to fruition – and public acceptance. But
back then, things were different.
In November 1952, he was invited to the Pentagon, where he met
with Col. W.A. Adams and Maj. Dewey J.J. Fournet, to discuss his
contention that saucers, if real, were American. “I presented
a four-page list of questions, the answers to which proved to
me that the A.F. ‘investigation’ of saucers was completely
a cover-up for something else. Col. Adams asked Maj. Fournet to
give me a private showing of the ‘Tremonton films’
which, at the time, convinced me that the saucers must indeed
be real.”
He felt, however, that the government was playing with fire. In
a letter to the Secretary of Defense and others in 1953, he pointed
out that the Air Force’s attitude of ridiculing and ignoring
the UFO sightings could allow an enemy to send aircraft or missiles
through the US defence system, merely by putting enough flashing
lights on them to cause them to be reported as UFOs. Perhaps as
a result of such arguments, the Air Force revised its position
in August 1954, stating that UFOs should be taken seriously. Of
specific interest to Davidson was that the Air Force also stopped
denying that UFOs might be American devices when issuing press
releases on the subject.
Today,
Davidson himself is best remembered for two incidents: Report
#14 and one case in which his insistence brought the Air Force
and CIA in serious disrepute.
The material in the Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 was
prepared in 1952 at the request of the CIA for presentation to
a panel of scientists (the Robertson Panel). Though the existence
of the panel was made public, the panel’s report itself
was kept secret, until it was given to Keyhoe on March 8, 1958,
for an interview with Mike Wallace of CBS. At the time, Keyhoe
claimed that the CIA was involved with the Robertson panel. Both
Keyhoe and Davidson wrote to the agency. In a meeting with Air
Force representatives to discuss how to handle inquiries such
as Keyhoe’s and Davidson’s, Agency officials confirmed
their opposition to the declassification of the full Robertson
report and worried that Keyhoe had the ear of former DCI Vice
Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter, who served on the board of governors
of NICAP, a civilian UFO organisation. They debated whether to
have CIA General Counsel Lawrence R. Houston show Hillenkoetter
the report as a possible way to defuse the situation.
But whereas Keyhoe was treated with respect, Davidson was singled
out for harsher handling. CIA officer Frank Chapin hinted that
Davidson might have ulterior motives, “some of them perhaps
not in the best interest of this country,” and suggested
bringing in the FBI to investigate.
Since first receiving this report, Davidson has nevertheless repeatedly
published the report and his accompanying analysis. A total of
9100 copies have been printed, with the latest edition of the
report appearing in 1976. Though having five editions and a firm
print-run, the work is more legendary than well-known or accepted.
Yet, it remains a pillar within the field – whether accepted
or not.
It
should not come as a surprise that Davidson suffered persecution
by the CIA. This is extremely telling when compared to the lack
of action taken against other researchers who claim that the CIA
and other agencies are engaged in a massive cover-up concerning
alien contact. So it’s okay to say that the CIA is hiding
little green men, but when you say the CIA has concocted the story
of little green men, the CIA hunts you down…
In the end, Davidson was nevertheless successful in obtaining
a copy. He wrote to each panel member, to clarify the purpose
and meaning of their report. He thus confirmed that the main purpose
of the panel was to prepare for a test programme to see why people
reacted strongly to UFO sightings. From this, the CIA thought
it might derive useful psychological warfare techniques.
The Robertson Panel thus concluded what Walter B. Smith, then
Director of the CIA, had stated in a Memo to the Director of the
Psychological Warfare Board regarding UFOs: “I suggest that
we discuss at an early board meeting the possible offensive or
defensive utilisation of these phenomenon for psychological warfare
purposes.”
For
Davidson, it was self-evident that the CIA was behind it all:
“It delegated the Air Force to act as the official ‘investigator’
to stave off public enquiry. It secretly sponsored the formation
of saucer study groups and contact clubs, including NICAP (under
T. Townsend Brown, with whom, incidentally, I have had voluminous
correspondence.) The CIA set up many saucer publishers, sponsored
the publicity received by Adamski’s books and others, and
sponsored the wave of saucer articles in 1952 in ‘Life’,
‘Look’, etc.”
George
Adamski
All of this, he traced back to Allen Dulles, another Director
of the CIA: “During 1950 Allen Dulles became actively involved
with the CIA work on saucers, and saw the psychological impact
which they had. He started a plan to build them up as a psychological
warfare weapon. Ruppelt’s book clearly shows the steps the
CIA took. Project Bluebook was warmed up in 1950-51, Ruppelt was
selected by a screening process and groomed for the job of public
relations cats-paw (without his knowledge), and a series of ‘incidents’
was planned and carried out involving regular military units,
which led to cases considered as authentic evidence of saucers.”
Later, Ruppelt would reflect on the several instances in which
he had been used – and would admit he had been played. A
Life article of April 1952, “Have we Visitors from Space?”
was under preparation for a year and its publication was promoted
with the help from the government, he would later argue.
Davidson
felt that the in retrospect “ridiculously” looking
UFO contactee period of the 1950s, in which people reported meeting
aliens from Venus and having rides on their space ship, was equally
part of a government campaign: “By Fall of 1952, the CIA
had laid out its plans for the ‘landing’ and ‘contact’
stories. The warmup for this had been the fabricated and planted
stories about ‘little green men’, such as the famous
lecture at the University of Denver in March 1950, described in
Scully’s book ‘Behind the Flying Saucers’. This
was a psychological test, and showed that about 50% of college-level
people would believe a well-presented story.”
Davidson presented various pieces of evidence that underlined
that the government was deeply involved with George Adamski, the
most famous of all UFO contactees. When controversy raged at its
height, Dulles himself stated that he would prevent anyone from
testifying in court concerning Adamski’s book, “because
maximum security exists concerning the subject of UFOs.”
For Davidson, it was an admission that if people dug into the
story, they would uncover a CIA dimension.
Davidson felt that Adamski himself reported tell-tale examples
of government “steering” – and was aware of
their involvement: “Late in 1949 four men came into the
café at Palomar Gardens. Two of them had been in before
and we had talked a little about the flying saucers. We began
talking about flying saucers again. One of these men was Mr. J.P.
Maxfield, and another was his partner, Mr. G.I. Bloom, both of
the Point Loma Navy Electronics Laboratory near San Diego. The
other two men were from a similar setup in Pasadena. One was in
officer’s uniform. They asked me if I would co-operate with
them in trying to get photographs of strange craft moving through
space… And finally the moon was decided upon as a good spot
for careful observation… And it was not too long after this
meeting that I succeeded in getting what I deemed at the time
to be two good pictures of an object moving through space. I first
saw it as I was observing the moon.” What an amazing coincidence,
that a UFO appeared where these military officers stated Adamski
should look towards…
Furthermore, Adamski later admitted that he did not write the
text of his books himself: one “CLJ” wrote Flying
Saucers Have Landed (which sold upon its release 80,000 copies
in the US alone) and Inside the space ships (1955) was written
by Charlotte Blodget. But most centrally, he believed that Adamski
wasn’t taken into outer space by Venusians, but was escorted
to Camp Irwin, California where agents and operatives faked his
contact using movie technology and drugs.
Later
on, Davidson also noted problems with the UFO abduction scenario.
In the preface to the fifth edition of his book (1976), he wrote:
“In 1956, Long John Nebel was the first to publicize this
book, over WOR Radio, New York. […] In 1972, Long John married
Candy Jones of NBC Radio “Monitor”, who in the 1960’s
was a CIA courier to the Bahamas. […] Candy was also unwittingly,
used by the CIA in hypnosis experiments in 1961 […] Candy’s
story, although not about saucers, has many similarities to Betty
Hill’s story of being hypnotized in 1961 […] by men
from a flying saucer. (Would you believe CIA employees?) Both
books refer to strange sounds inducing hypnosis […] Both
hypnotized women were victimized by men ‘playing doctor’.”
Betty
& Barney Hill
The
second UFO case for which Davidson is remembered occurred in 1957,
when he was working on a case involving a strange tape recording
made by Mildred and Marie Maier of Chicago. The sisters taped
a “space message” and other ham radio operators claimed
to have heard the same. This tape had been analyzed by the CIA’s
Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), which reported that it
was “nothing more than Morse code from a US radio station.”
When Davidson wrote to Dewelt Walker, the CIA officer who had
contacted the Maier sisters, Walker continued his pretence that
he worked for the Air Force.
Davidson wrote to Walker, believing him to be a US Air Force Intelligence
Officer from Wright-Patterson, to ask if the tape had been analyzed
at ATIC. After a nonsensical, non-committal reply, Davidson wrote
to Allen Dulles demanding to learn what the coded message revealed
and who Walker was. The Agency, wanting to keep Walker’s
identity as a CIA employee secret, replied that another agency
of the government had analyzed the tape in question and that Davidson
would be hearing from the Air Force. On August 5, the Air Force
wrote Davidson saying that Walker “was and is an Air Force
Officer” and that the tape “was analyzed by another
government organization.” The Air Force letter did confirm
that the recording contained only identifiable Morse code which
came from a known US-licensed radio station.
Davidson wrote Dulles again. This time he wanted to know the identity
of the Morse operator and of the agency that had conducted the
analysis. Both thw CIA and the Air Force were now in a quandary,
as the CIA had previously denied that it had actually analyzed
the tape. The Air Force had also denied analyzing the tape and
claimed that Walker was an Air Force officer. What to do when
caught in a web of lies that is about to be exposed? Do something
sillier, seemed to be the answer.
The CIA decided to dress up officers in an Air Force uniform and
contact Davidson in New York City, claiming to speak on behalf
of the Air Force. The CIA officer explained that there was no
super agency involved and that Air Force policy was not to disclose
who was doing what. While seeming to accept this argument, Davidson
nevertheless pressed for disclosure of the message and its source.
The officer agreed to see what he could do. After checking with
Headquarters, the CIA officer phoned Davidson to report that a
thorough check had been made and, because the signal was of known
US origin, the tape and the notes made at the time had been destroyed
to conserve file space.
When confronted with a letter from Congressman Joseph Karth related
to Davidson’s claims that he was being lied to by the CIA,
the CIA chose to lie outright to the Congressman. Karth was told
that other than a brief involvement with the Robertson panel,
the “CIA has not participated in any flying saucer activities
and has referred all correspondence to the Air Force.” As
to Davidson’s charges, the CIA wrote to the congressman:
“Mr. Davidson’s belief that this agency is involved
in the ‘flying saucer furore’ and is using this as
a tool in psychological warfare is entirely unfounded. His indication
that CIA is misguiding persons in leading them to believe in Flying
Saucers is also entirely unfounded.”
As to
how Davidson handled the situation himself: he told the CIA officer
that “he and his agency, whichever it was, were acting like
Jimmy Hoffa and the Teamster Union in destroying records which
might indict them.” Believing that any more contact with
Davidson would only encourage more speculation, the Contact Division
washed its hands of the issue by reporting to the DCI and to ATIC
that it would not respond to or try to contact Davidson again.
In short, Davidson was out to catch the CIA red-handed and he
was succeeding.
In
retrospect, he did succeed. The incident was used by government
historian Gerald K. Haines in his report on how the CIA was interested
and involved in UFO investigation and government UFO policy from
1947 until 1990. Haines argues that all of this was merely the
CIA being “inadequate” in properly dealing with issues
and that “inadequacy” is all there is to it: “Thus,
a minor, rather bizarre incident, handled poorly by both the CIA
and the Air Force, turned into a major flap that added fuel to
the growing mystery surrounding UFOs and CIA’s role in their
investigation.” This is true, but the big lie is that at
the time, the CIA was not officially involved at all. So if Davidson
would have had absolute proof that the CIA was indeed running
the show, with the Air Force mere hired actors, Davidson would
have broken down a big lie. Some decades later, Haines, however
much he played it down, did actually confirm what Davidson had
been saying all along.
Davidson
himself concluded that every aspect of the mystery led back to
the CIA. He argued that they had deliberately concocted the major
UFO reports and fed them into the public arena as a cover for
experimental aircraft and rocket tests at best and psychological
warfare experiments practiced on its own citizens at worst. This
was, at the time, a radical overhaul of the status quo, which
argued that UFOs seemed to be extra-terrestrial and that the US
government had suppressed evidence of their existence. Davidson
went against this and wrote that the CIA “was solely responsible
for creating the Flying Saucer furore as a tool for cold war psychological
research.” But in this battle, however Davidson may be right,
he lost and the CIA won: today, the extraterrestrial interpretation
of UFOs is the most commonly proposed and accepted explanation,
with a benign alien presence if not on than at least “near”
Earth here to help us. And Davidson, though known, is ill-understood
by most UFO researchers and either accidentally or knowingly misrepresented
by even more writers on the subject. What Davidson predicted,
has come true.
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